Richard gough and lindsay stenson and wharton

Richard Gough. Research Project Devouring Theatre: After Taste This research explores food in performance and food as performing art; the performative in cookery, its staging in the kitchen and at the table; the processes in cooking and performance making, exploring piquant analogies and correlations; the theatricality of food and food as a model for theatre, multisensory, processual and communal.

Video Interview Watch a video interview with Richard Gough. Fourth, the maxillary glands are divided as external or internal. The submandibular gland in place. The external glands facial nodes are insinuated between and around the outer branch of the carotid facial artery and the external jugular common facial vein. This is a good description of the lymphatic anatomy involving the inferior border of the mandible, the vascular structures, and the location of the marginal branch of the facial nerve.

The understanding of the function of the glands in general and the salivary glands in particular requires some background information. This would be similar to the situation with arteries and veins that had been outlined by the landmark studies on the circulation of blood by Harvey Whitteridge, The nerves were, however, incident to all areas and could be candidates for efferent or afferent channels.

Glisson had done much of the work with the liver and the lymphatics and Wharton had worked with him as discussed previously. Wharton considered and described the theoretical notion that the glands may be involved in removing wastes from tissues and nerves. He pointed out that the anatomical arrangement of the submandibular area makes this possible Wharton,p.

The establishment of the duct and thus the naming of the sublingual as a salivary gland was not usually considered established until the publication of Bartholin indescribed below. As we will see, however, he described and presaged very accurately a modern understanding of the complex ductal anatomy of the sublingual and submandibular glands.

Wharton description continues with Wharton,p.

Richard gough and lindsay stenson and wharton

The anatomical arrangement of the nerves in the face may have predisposed it to more swelling with pathological conditions such as dental infections. The intimate relationship of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands to the facial and submandibular lymph nodes and the lingual, hypoglossal and facial nerves makes this a plausible consideration.

Wharton will return to his description of this portion of the internal jugular glands. The description continued under the presumption that the submandibular and sublingual glands represented one complex. Next follows his original description of the submandibular duct, establishing this portion of the internal jugular glands as the submandibular salivary gland Wharton,p.

Naming and numbering the cranial nerves has changed through out history. According to ShawGalen recognized the cranial nerves as paired structured and although he worked from nonhuman species described the optic, occulomotor, and hypoglossal nerves. The trochlear, trigeminal, and abducent were problematic through out history. Wharton may well have been adhering to the systems of Vesalius and Columbus, Shaw,which considered the trigeminal the third and forth, and the hypoglossal the seventh cranial nerves.

The vessel for this particular part has been hitherto unknown to Anatomists. Next, Wharton described what must have been the multiple sublingual ducts that frequently join the submandibular duct. He does not seem to recognize the fact that these ducts come from the portion of the internal jugular glands that was ultimately called the sublingual gland Wharton,p.

This would not be unanticipated given the modern knowledge of the sublingual duct anatomy. The sublingual gland is classically described as having multiple small ducts that empty into the sublingual fold. Zhang et al. They studied the duct systems of the submandibular and sublingual glands in sixty sides of thirty cadavers and compared them to their clinical series that contained 63 patients with keratoconjunctivitis and had undergone submandibular duct transfers.

This arrangement is more in line with that described by Wharton than the later description of a single sublingual duct as proffered by Bartholin. The following is from Wharton and is the discussion of the duct system. Some of the measurements probably indicate that some of the anatomy was not human. Leppi studied the relationships of the submandibular and sublingual glands in various monkeys and found that the relationships were less complex than in the human, but did vary considerably and were different between Rhesus and squirrel monkeys.

The end result, however, was that Wharton recognized that the richard gough and lindsay stenson and wharton of the duct follows a complicated and variable course Wharton,p. Cum geminum; e glandulae capite, alter; altere causa prodit. It appears that when it is two, one is from the head of the gland; the other from the other source. Caspar Bartholin — in De Ductu Salivali, Hactenus non descripto Observatio Anatomica, fully recognizes the importance of establishing the duct.

We believe the complex anatomy of the sublingual ducts that Wharton had described, although more in line with modern concepts, differed from that described by Bartholin. We believe Bartholin considered his description to be more logical and anatomically correct and thus presented it as new. He hypothesized as to why his predecessors thought as they did Bartholin,p.

And, to omit the rest, certainly the sources of saliva and the vessels leading it out toward that cavity of the mouth seem not to have been completely unknown to previous writers, rather as it were they saw it as though through a fog. Still due praise must not be withheld for this reason from the more recent writers. Who having progressed further clearly described these glands and they publicized the salivary ducts coming from them.

He recognized the ancients and then singles out Wharton and Stenson as being especially diligent Bartholin,p. Indeed among the recent anatomists the most celebrated Stenson and Wharton have more accurately described those, to whose diligence I have now added this learning of ours. Quaedam enim unico duntaxat excretorio vase praeditae sunt, quaedum pluribus.

Indeed only certain ones are provided with one excretory duct, others have more. Bartholin gives credit to Stenson for the discovery of the parotid duct and then credits Wharton for the discovery of the submandibular duct Bartholin,p. Bartholin now seems to be describing the sublingual duct and insisting on a single duct as the true anatomical condition.

This consideration along with the fact that Wharton never described the sublingual gland as a separate gland appears to encourage Bartholin to think his is the original description Bartholin,p. But to these two vessels described so far, a third must be added, of entirely the same type, it ought to have been added long ago, since it was described and drawn by me, and which also deserves to be mentioned below namely that it comes from the sublingual gland.

He believes Stenson has described this complex anatomy, but thinks it is inaccurate. Bartholin did not believe the small ducts described by Stenson and Wharton, the ducts of Rivinus, were from the sublingual gland. Further, Stenson [italicized] states that Bartholin,p. Bartholin believed that a single duct from the sublingual gland drained into the mouth, but that it had not been previous discovered or described Bartholin,p.

As we have emphasized in this paper, the establishment of a duct was the sine quo non of a salivary gland. It is interesting to note that the dissection in Figures 2 and 3 are that of a non-human specimen. Throughout the descriptions of the anatomy, the dissections of the salivary glands are frequently of a horse or cow or sheep. This would certainly have contributed to the confusion of the anatomy.

Wharton previously had discussed the fact that he felt obligated to discover the duct in order to truly call this gland salivary. After outlining information gained about this gland as to color, consistency, and taste, he writes the following about his experiences with his friend and mentor Glisson. Outline of the submandibular and sublingual ducts.

From Bartholin, De ductu salivali hactenus non descripto observatio anatomica Recte quidem hic describuntur illi ductus, qui a parvulis glandulis ad latera sublingualium satis oriuntur; At habet ipsa sublingularis glandula peculiarem alium ductum, nondum descriptum, sed mihi primo observatum Anni d. In fact when I was exploring with tip of a stylus in the head of a calf and I was following the duct leading from the lower maxillary gland described by Wharton, by chance the stylus moved into another duct opened up those which had hitherto been unknown to me.

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